A a
ā abprep1from, away from; of; since2by (through the agency of, not near). It means "by" only when used with words representing living beings. "by tears" or "by delay" would use the ablative case without a preposition.ā nautā - by the sailor; ā rēginā - by the queen ac = atqueandusually ac before consonants, atque before vowels adprepto, up to, toward, by, at, till adeōadvto this point, thus far adhūcadvup to this time; here alius, -ia, -iudadjother, another alter, -era, -erumadjthe other (of two) anconjwhether, or, either; perhaps? can it be that? ante1advinfront of, before ante2prepin front/presence of, in view, before antequamadvbefore, sooner than apudprepat, beside, near, by; among; at the house of; in the works ofLike the French word "chez". atque (ac)conjand, and also autconjorIn Classical Latin the distinction seems to be one along inclusive/exclusive lines. e.g potes habere aut pacem aut bellum "you can have either peace or war [but not both]"; vel is inclusive and much weaker e.g Caesar vel Augustus nominatur "he is called Caesar or Augustus [does it matter which?]". autemPostpositive Conjunctionbut, however; on the other hand; while;moreover, also B b
C c
cum2conjwhen; since, because D d
dēprepfrom, down from, away; from; about, concerningwith abl dēniqueadvfinally, at last E e
ē (ex)prepout of, from, out frome before consonants enimPostpositive Conjunctionindeed, of courseA postpositive conjunction cannot be the first word in a clause, and is usually placed as the second word. Enim usually introduces a statement that corroborates what it follows. et1conjand, also2advevenEt rēgina poenās dabat.Even the queen was paying the penalty. etiamnuncadvyet, still, even now F f
H h
hīcadvhere, in this placehīc with macron hic, haec, hocpro1this2the latter hūcadvto this place, here I i
iamadvnow, already, by/even now; besidesIam is an adverb which relies on the tense of the verb for its meaning: in the present tense, it means "now"; with a past tense "up to now, already, by this time"; and with the future "soon". ille, illa, illudprothat; the former in1prepinto, toward, against indeadvfrom there, thence interprepbetween, among, during ipse, ipsa, ipsumprohimself; the actual one; in person is, ea, idprothis, that; he, she, itid estthat is itaqueadvand so, therefore iuxtā1prepbeside, next to M m
N n
nec . . . necneither … nor nec, nequeand not, but not Iūlius dormit neque Quīntum audit. Iūlius venit, neque Aemilia eum videt.The conjunctions et and sed are not combined with a negation; instead of "et nōn" and "sed nōn" the conjunction neque is used, e.g. -que attached to the original negation ne (=non). nempeconjtruly, certainly neu (nēve)conjor not, and not O o
ōlimadvonce upon a time, formerly P p
perprepthrough, by, during postprepbehind, after, later postquamconjafter, as soon as, when prōprepin front of, in place of propterprepbecause of, on account of Q q
quam1Relative pronounf sgwho, which, thatPuella quam Aemilia videt est Iūlia.The girl who/which/that Aemilia sees is Iulia.2Interrogative pronounf sgwhat?Quam videt Aemilia?What does Aemilia see?3Interrogative adjectivewhich?Quam puellam videt Aemilia?Which girl does Aemilia see?4advasEstne Via Latīna tam longa quam Via Aurelia?Is Via Latina as long as Via Aurelia?5advhow!Quam pulchra est vīlla Iūlīi!How beautiful Iulius's house is!6advWith an adj or adv in the superlative degree: as ... as possibleQuam fortissimus est.He is as brave as possible; he is as brave as can be. quī, quae, quod1Relative pronounwho, which, thatVir quem vīdimus nōs ōdit.The man that we saw hates us.2Interrogative adjectivewhich? what?Quem librum legis?What book are you reading? quidemadvcertainly, in fact, indeed quis, quae, quidInterrogative pronounwho, whatQuem vidēs?Who do you see? quōmodoadvhow, in what manner? quoniamconjsince, because quot1adjhow many2conjCorrelative with tot: so many, as manyQuot puellae tot puerī in tēctō erant.There were as many girls as boys in the house.Tot dominōs quot servōs in templō vīdimus.We saw as many masters as slaves in the temple.There is no difference between quot ... tot and tot ... quot. S s
sēhimself, herself, themselves sīcadvthus, so, in this manner simul super + acc or abl, over, aboveadvso, asQuam longa est via Flāminia? Via Latīna nōn tam longa est quam via Appia. T t
tam2conjnevertheless, however tamquamadvat last, finally U u
undeadvfrom where? whence? V v
velconjorIn Classical Latin the distinction seems to be one along inclusive/exclusive lines. e.g potes habere aut pacem aut bellum "you can have either peace or war [but not both]"; vel is inclusive and much weaker e.g Caesar vel Augustus nominatur "he is called Caesar or Augustus [does it matter which?]".